ࡱ> oqlmn1bjbjupup4iJJ*********j,*`n-r11112r-;l=8$:pq*>22>>**11{G{G{G>*1*1{G>{G{G.H1?Ko00`)\@x\"\*;4{G>>>D>>>`>>>>\>>>>>>>>>J6 ):Nzev koluElektYina v pYrod slo koluSvtlo a elektYina/1Intern poznmky k koluProvodce  elektrikY Jirka Stru n pYedstaven koluNa elektYinu asto narazme i vpYrod. Tuaa, kde a kdy? A je takov setkn nebezpe n? Faktory fyzick  1 mentln  3 trapnost  1 zbava  3 asov nro nost minimln  10 promrn  15 maximln  20G ko, elektrou ednku! Vtm T ve hYe, ve kter se dozva, kde bys mohl vpYrod narazit na elektYinu. PYedem Ti dm jednu dobrou radu, pozorn si pamatuj vaechny obrzky, kter Ti zobrazm. Mohlo by se Ti to docela hodit ( zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/electricity-voltage-light-energy-705670/" https://pixabay.com/en/electricity-voltage-light-energy-705670/ Mo~n jsi to ani netuail, ~e slovo elektYina vznikla zYeckho vrazu  lektron , kter znamen jantar. Jantar jsi mo~n vidl u sv mamky i jin pan na krku jako pYvaek. zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amber_heart.jpg" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amber_heart.jpg Tuaa tedy, jak se stalo, ~e od jantaru byla odvozena elektYina? nahrvaj audio - Nu zajmav pojet & . Nebudu T napnat a prozradm Ti to. Pokud otYeme jantar vlnnou ltkou, vznik takzvan statick elektYina. Mimochodem selektrostatikou mo~ea za~t spoustu zbavy. Kjednoduchm pokusom Ti sta  pouh nafouknut balnek. Sta  jej pak tYt o vlasy a balnek Ti pak mo~e zvedat vlasy a nebo se takhle jednoduae pYilepit na ze: spustit  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sDbZJ73lp4" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sDbZJ73lp4 Mysla, ~e elektYina mo~e vydvat i njak zvuk? Schvln si puse tuto audionahrvku a vyber mi mo~nost odpovdajc tomu, co tato nahrvka obsahuje: spustit audio  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_cDB2pR6eY" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_cDB2pR6eY vybran ztohoto videa v ase 3:23. prskac kuli ky  Nikoliv, toto je zvuk, kdy elektrick nboj proraz vzduch. zma kn papru - Nikoliv, toto je zvuk, kdy elektrick nboj proraz vzduch. prora~en vzduchu elektrickm nbojem  Sprvn. Ty jsi to u~ nkdy slyael? VpYrod na elektYinu natrefme i vpln jinch podobch, ale tak vjin, asto vta sle. Schvln mi sm povz, kde jinde bys elektYinu vpYrod nalezl. nahrv audio Pojme si Yci, jak formy znm j. Tak napY. nkter druhy rejnoko, jako je napY. rejnok elektrick i rejnok ostnat, jsou schopny vydvat velmi siln elektrick vboje. Stakovmto rejnokem bych Ti nedoporu oval si jt zaplavat ( spustit  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAS3CnWM_uo" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAS3CnWM_uo (od 0:05 do 0:29) Asi nejznmjam pYkladem elektYiny vpYrod je ale blesk, kter vdme na obloze bhem bouYky a slyame vpodob hromu. Co Yka tYeba na tento?  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZTt6lBYyD4" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jZTt6lBYyD4  HYPERLINK "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Videos_of_lightning" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Videos_of_lightning Velikost a sla blesku mo~e bt rozn. Schvln mi te zkus srovnat tyto blesky od nejmenaho po nejvta. Vlevo bude ten nejmena. vyrobit obrzek zroznch velikost (dal bych 5) tohoto blesku  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-bolt-yellow-energy-power-305555/" https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-bolt-yellow-energy-power-305555/, Takov blesk bhem bouYky mo~e bt pro lovka i velmi nebezpe n. Mo~n jsi to netuail, ale podle odbornko ka~dou vteYinu se na cel naa planet rozzY pYibli~n stovka blesko. Mnoho znich zposob velk akody na majetku a denn umr na zsah bleskem vpromru 10 lid. PYijde Ti to hodn? zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/flash-lightning-weft-impact-weather-845848/" https://pixabay.com/en/flash-lightning-weft-impact-weather-845848/ obrzkov mo~nosti ano  No m to tak pYijde docela hodn, i vzhledem kmno~stv lid, kter ~ije na naa planet. ne - No m to pYijde docela hodn, i vzhledem kmno~stv lid, kter ~ije na naa planet. Mysla, ~e je bezpe n se pYed bleskem zdr~ovat vbudov bez hromosvodu? obrzkov mo~nosti ano  Ano, opravdu to nebezpe n je. ne  Nebezpe n to opravdu je. V minulosti se stalo mnoho tragickch udlost, bhem kterch zemYeli lid vbudovch bez hromosvodu, kter byly zasa~eny bleskem. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightning_safety#/media/File:Potential.jpg" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightning_safety#/media/File:Potential.jpg Po strnce materilnch akod byl nejni ivja der blesku, kter v ervenci 1977 na tyYiadvacet hodin vyYadil z provozu newyorskou rozvodnou se. Vae akod doshla zvratnch stek. Sou asn to byl tak asi jedin blesk, kter ~ivoty nebral, ale pYinesl. Devt msco po vpadku zaznamenaly statistiky porodnosti npadn vzrost ( Vaak si sm mo~ea poskldat jedno zdt narozench vdosledku tohoto vpadku: puzzle  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/baby-baby-girl-sleeping-baby-784609/" https://pixabay.com/en/baby-baby-girl-sleeping-baby-784609/ A co dlat pYi takov bouYce? Odbornci doporu uj okam~it padnout na zem, a pokud je to mo~n, vm knout se do njak ternn prohlubn. Ruce bychom mli dr~et tak, aby se nedotkaly zem. TYeba je sepnout kmodlitb ( Vruce se nedoporu uje dr~et mobiln telefon, neboe obsahuje kovov sou sti. Obecn bychom se mli bhem bouYky vyhbat vysokm objektom, jako jsou sloupy i stromy. Bezpe nm krytem pYed bleskem jsou pak budovy shromosvodem i tak automobil nebo autobus zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightning_strikes#/media/File:7942b_-_Russett_-_Concord_Park.JPG" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightning_strikes#/media/File:7942b_-_Russett_-_Concord_Park.JPG Zsah bleskem lovk vtainou nepYe~ije i se snsledky potk do konce svho ~ivota. Existuj ale i vjimky. Zpis do Guinessovy knihy rekordo zskal Roy C. Sullivan zVirginie, kter pYe~il celkem sedm zsaho bleskem v obdob let 1942 a~ 1983, ztoho dva znich smYovaly do hlavy. Osudn se mu stal a~ odchod man~elky v roce 1983, kter jej zdeptal natolik, ~e spchal sebevra~du. Podvejme se tYeba na takov strom, jak dopadl po zsahu bleskem. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "http://cdn.morguefile.com/imageData/public/files/b/bhjoco/preview/fldr_2010_06_08/file121276026786.jpg" http://cdn.morguefile.com/imageData/public/files/b/bhjoco/preview/fldr_2010_06_08/file121276026786.jpg Tak co, budea si u~ pamatovat, ~e blesk je obrovsk elektrick vboj a je tYeba se pYed nm chrnit? A ur it nespolhej na to, ~e blesk neudeY na stejn msto dvakrt, jak se soblibou Yk. Nkter vakov budovy a vyvaen msta by o tom mohly vyprvt. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-thunderstorm-storm-880154/" https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-thunderstorm-storm-880154/ Tak a nyn si ovYm, jak jsi byl pozorn. Klikni mi na obrzek, kter jsem Ti vtto hYe nezobrazil:  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-storm-199651/" https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-storm-199651/ - Sprvn, tenhle krsn blesk jsem Ti jeat neukzal.  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/flash-lightning-weft-impact-weather-845848/" https://pixabay.com/en/flash-lightning-weft-impact-weather-845848/ - Ale kdepak, tenhle blesk jsem Ti ji~ ukzal, zkus to znovu.  HYPERLINK "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightning_strikes#/media/File:7942b_-_Russett_-_Concord_Park.JPG" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lightning_strikes#/media/File:7942b_-_Russett_-_Concord_Park.JPG - Ale kdepak, tenhle blesk jsem Ti ji~ ukzal, zkus to znovu.  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-thunderstorm-storm-880154/" https://pixabay.com/en/lightning-thunderstorm-storm-880154/ - Ale kdepak, tenhle blesk jsem Ti ji~ ukzal, zkus to znovu. odpovdaj, ne~ zvol sprvnou odpov Dkuji za Tvou pozornost a bleskov zkus hned jinou hru (Nzev koluKde se vzala, tu se vzala, elektYina slo koluSvtlo a elektYina/2Intern poznmky k koluProvodce  elektrikY Jirka Stru n pYedstaven koluElektYinu znme vnaaich domovech zelektrickch zsuvek. Ale tuaa, jak se do tchto zsuvek vobec dostala? Faktory fyzick  1 mentln  3 trapnost  1 zbava  3 asov nro nost minimln  10 promrn  15 maximln  20G ko, elektrou ednku! Vtm T ve hYe, ve kter se dozva, kde se vzala elektYina vnaaich elektrickch zsuvkch. Ty jist dobYe zna ze svho domova, ~e? zobrazit obrzek elektrick zsuvky Nejprve bych rd dal prostor Tob, abys mi Yekl, kde a jak se ta elektYina vyrb a jak se stane, ~e se dostane a~ kvm a k nm domo. nahrv audio ElektYina i pYesnji elektrick energie se vyrb velektrrnch. lovk je obklopen mno~stvm vc, ze kterch se sna~ zskvat energii a pYemHovat ji na elektYinu, kterou pak pou~v doma pro rozn elektrick spotYebi e. V~dye ani ten tablet i telefon, kter te dr~a, by sis bez elektYiny nemohl nabt a nemohl hrt Zbavnou akolu. spustit video  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGIeUDeZmk" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGIeUDeZmk v ase od 0:16 do 0:41 Tak a nyn se podvejme, jak typy elektrren se dnes nej astji pou~vaj: spustit video  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGIeUDeZmk" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGIeUDeZmk v ase od 0:42 do 2:14 Dalam typem elektrrny je elektrrna vodn, kter je zalo~en na principu, kdy pYitkajc voda rozt  turbnu a ta ot  genertorem elektrick energie. spustit video  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfkLxA1dnIk" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfkLxA1dnIk od 0:04 Vkrajin se setkme i selektrrnami vtrnmi, a ty nemus bt nutn umstnn na kopcch, ale najt je mo~ete i na moYch: spustit video  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9LJqxdKtuw" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9LJqxdKtuw Co mysla, mo~ea mt elektrrnu i doma? obrzkov mo~nosti ano  Ano, opravdu mo~ea. ne  Ve skute nosti opravdu mo~ea. Takovou elektrrnu mo~ete mt i u vs doma, a to pYmo na stYeae. Xkme ji solrn. spustit video  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJI53OsNmGE" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJI53OsNmGE Existuj i dala mn rozaYen typy elektrren, jako napY. geotermln, kde se energie zskv ze zem, resp. zvelk hloubky, kdy~ se pYibl~me zemskmu ~havmu jdru, kde je vyaa teplota. To jsi tuail, ~e vevnitY naa Zem je ~hav jdro? Mo~n u~ jsi vidl sopku, ze kter se ~hav jdro ze zem dostv vpodob lvy. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/volcano-erupting-mountain-krakatoa-609104/" https://pixabay.com/en/volcano-erupting-mountain-krakatoa-609104/ Tak~e to jsme si pYedstavili tepeln, vodn, vtrn, solrn a geotermln elektrrny. Uka~ mi na tu stranu kostky, kter ukazuje celkov po et typo pYedstavench elektrren: obrzkov vbr:  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/five-dice-eyes-gamble-luck-chance-310334/" https://pixabay.com/en/five-dice-eyes-gamble-luck-chance-310334/ - Vborn, pt jich bylo.  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/dice-four-eyes-gamble-luck-chance-310335/" https://pixabay.com/en/dice-four-eyes-gamble-luck-chance-310335/ - Ale ne, pt jich celkem bylo. PYed chvl jsme si Yekli, ~e nejrozaYenjami elektrrnami u ns jsou tepeln, u kterch se zskv energie spalovnm napY. uhl. Zkus mi tedy srovnat obrzky n~e tak, jak jdou postupn za sebou vtomto procesu vroby elektYiny. Na vod Ti poradm. Nejprve se mus narubat uhl a tento obrzek tedy dej doleva.  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGIeUDeZmk" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2FGIeUDeZmk Ktomu, aby se elektYina zelektrrny dostala a~ ktob domo, je tYeba rozvodn se, co~ je mno~stv drto, po kterch je elektYina pYivedena a tak rozvodnch stanic, kde je krom jinho mnno jej napt. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/wire-telephone-poles-poles-workers-164966/" https://pixabay.com/en/wire-telephone-poles-poles-workers-164966/ Vzahrani  se mo~ea setkat i stakovmito srandovnmi elektrickmi sloupy. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/current-strommast-energy-695251/" https://pixabay.com/en/current-strommast-energy-695251/ Jist T ji~ rodi e i pan u itelka upozornila na nebezpe  elektYiny velektrickch zsuvkch, vi? Jak mo~ea vidt na tomto videu, zsah elektrickm proudem nen nic pYjemnho, a mnoz by ani takov zsah nemuseli pYe~t. Proto kolem elektrickch zsuvek a obecn selektYinou bu velmi opatrn. spustit video  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uI0DbJq7eI" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uI0DbJq7eI A nepYjemn je i dotyk stakzvanm elektrickm ohradnkem, kter slou~ jako ochrana pYed tkem zvYat zvbho, ve kterm je tak elektYina. Na rozdl od klasick elektrick zsuvky ale nemo~e u ohradnku dojt kpYpadnmu usmrcen lovka ani zvYete, kter se ho dotkne. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_fences#/media/File:Pozor,_elektrick%C3%BD_ohradn%C3%ADk.jpg" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_fences#/media/File:Pozor,_elektrick%C3%BD_ohradn%C3%ADk.jpg A jist Ti tak ji~ nkdo Yekl, ~e voda se nem rda selektYinou. Pomoc vody sice elektYinu mo~eme vyrobit, ale voda by nikdy nemla pYijt do styku selektrickm vedenm i zaYzenm. 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Nikdy nezapomeH, elektYina je dobr sluha, ale apatn pn! Tak na to mysli a bacha na ni! Elektrog ko (. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/light-bulb-electric-bulb-electric-238110/" https://pixabay.com/en/light-bulb-electric-bulb-electric-238110/  Nzev koluBudi~ svtlo slo koluSvtlo a elektYina/3Intern poznmky k koluProvodce  Slun ko OskarJsem hvzda spektrln tYdy G2V! }e Ti to nic neYk? No mo~n Ti bude bli~a, kdy~ Ti Yeknu, ~e jsem centrem slune n soustavy, jej~ sou st je i Tvoje Zem. Jsem vpromru vce jak stokrt vta ne~ Zem a nebt m, tak u vs na Zemi by vobec nebyl ~ivot. Tak u~ m poznva? Ano, jsem ta zYc koule na obloze, kter Ti pYina teplo i svtlo do Tvho ~ivota ( Obrzek:  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/sun-cool-sunshine-glossy-smile-151763/" https://pixabay.com/en/sun-cool-sunshine-glossy-smile-151763/ Stru n pYedstaven koluSvtlo je vaude kolem ns, ale vme vobec, kde se bere? A umme jej sami vyrobit?Faktory fyzick  1 mentln  2 trapnost  1 zbava  3 asov nro nost minimln  10 promrn  15 maximln  20 G ko! Jsem Slunce Oskar a krom tepla pYinam kvm na Zemi tak svtlo. Dokzal by sis pYedstavit, ~e by den byla jako tmav noc? No tak takov by to bylo, kdybych nesvtil ( A jestli si mysla, ~e by Ti vnoci aspoH svtil Msc, tak to jsi na velkm omylu. Msc sm o sob nesvt, ale jen odr~ svtlo ode m. Beze m by neml co odr~et, tak~e by byla tma tmouc. Asi takovhle: zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/candle-flame-light-bill-fire-burn-647197/" https://pixabay.com/en/candle-flame-light-bill-fire-burn-647197/ Lid m vminulosti uctvali dokonce jako bo~stvo. Tehdy nemli naae dnean poznn a tak chpu, ~e to vae dost pletli. Vantickm Xecku m nazvali Hlios a pr jsem cestoval po obloze ka~d den ve zlatm voze. Nu co vaechno lovk nevymysl, ~e? Ve starovkm Xm mi Ykali Sol a ve starovkm Egypt R, Ra i Amon. No kdybych knim mohl promluvit, Yekl bych jim, ~e nejsem ~dn boh a jmenuji se Oskar ( zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slunce#/media/File:Aten_disk.jpg" https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slunce#/media/File:Aten_disk.jpg Mnoho mylnch pYedstav o m tak kolovalo ohledn mho pohybu. Lid si mysleli, ~e obhm kolem Zem, ale je tomu pYesn naopak. Zem a dala planety obhaj kolem m ( Jeden citt Yk, ~e lska dovede pohnout sluncem i hvzdami. Tak tomu tak nevYte, se mnou prost jen tak nco nehne ( zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_soustava#/media/File:NovaSlunecniSoustava.jpg" https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_soustava#/media/File:NovaSlunecniSoustava.jpg Tady jsem si dovolil Ti zobrazit jednu zmnoha mch podob. zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/sun-hand-finger-light-summer-sea-382744/" https://pixabay.com/en/sun-hand-finger-light-summer-sea-382744/ Tvm kolem te je, abys popsal, co na obrzku vida. A nerozpakuj se klidn i vce rozprvt ( nahrv audio Aby sis ale nemyslel, nejsem jedin zdroj svtla. Krom m svt i dala kosmick tlesa, jako jsou napY. jin hvzdy nebo tYeba lva zvaa Zem. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/lava-magma-volcanic-eruption-glow-67574/" https://pixabay.com/en/lava-magma-volcanic-eruption-glow-67574/ A nejsou to jen kosmick tlesa, kter vpYrod vydvaj svtlo, ale je to napY. tak Tob dobYe znm oheH. TYeba takto hoY benznov stanice ( spustit video  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rFQfTlzWZA" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rFQfTlzWZA Svtlo dodvaj i elektrick vboje, jako je napY. blesk, kter m vZbavn akole svoji vlastn hru ( zobrazit  HYPERLINK "http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/197744" http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/197744 VpYrod vaak existuje jev, ktermu se Yk luminiscence. Zkusa to schvln po m zopakovat? nat  audio Luminiscence je jev zposobujc svtlo. Vyu~vaj jej napY. svtluaky. Rozn druhy svtluaek vydvaj rozn druh svtla a podle toho se poznaj pYi hledn svch partnero. Svou roli vydvan svtlo mo~e tak hrt pYi lkn potravy. spustit  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFOmPQWw4Io" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFOmPQWw4Io Svtluaky nejsou jedinmi zvYaty, kter dar luminiscence dostaly, ale dostali jej tak nkteY moYat ~ivo ichov. zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiscence#/media/File:Bioluminescencekils.jpg" https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminiscence#/media/File:Bioluminescencekils.jpg Co mysla, mohou svtit i njak rostliny? obrzkov mo~nosti ano  Opravdu tomu je tak. ne  VY i nevY, ale svt i nkter rostliny. Krom rostlin se jev bioluminiscence, tedy pYirozenho svcen, projevuje tak u nkterch druho hub. spustit  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxJF9avTuzg" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxJF9avTuzg No nen vlastn pYroda pln svtla i beze m? No upYmn, vlastn ani ne ( zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slunce#/media/File:The_Sun_in_extreme_ultraviolet.jpg" https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slunce#/media/File:The_Sun_in_extreme_ultraviolet.jpg NkteY lid si mysl, ~e kdy~ si um vyrobit svtlo umle, ~e m ji~ nepotYebuj, ale to je velk omyl. Beze m by ~ivot na Zemi hodn rychle skon il. Krom nedostatku svtla by zde toti~ nastalo i vysok ochlazen, co~ by mlokdo a mloco pYe~ilo. Sice takov ~rovka krom svtla vydv tak i pomrn mnoho tepla, ale moje mno~stv tepla by to tedy nenahradilo ani nhodou. spustit  HYPERLINK "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnMP1Uj2nz0" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnMP1Uj2nz0 Ano, dobYe vm, ~e ~rovka nen jedinm umle vyrobenm elektrickm zdrojem svtla, ale ~e tak pou~vte spornja zYivky i jeat spornja svtiv diody vyu~vajc ji~ zmnnho jevu luminiscence. Schvln jestli je dok~ea srovnat podle spornosti. Vlevo zobraz tu sco nejmena elektrickou spotYebou. zobrazit puzzle poskldan ztchto obrzko:  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/energy-saving-lamp-led-off-148486/" https://pixabay.com/en/energy-saving-lamp-led-off-148486/  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/energy-saving-lamp-152536/" https://pixabay.com/en/energy-saving-lamp-152536/  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/bulb-light-lamp-electric-160207/" https://pixabay.com/en/bulb-light-lamp-electric-160207/ Svtla se vyu~v v mnoha pYstrojch, kter doma b~n pou~va. Jsou jimi napYklad televizn obrazovky a monitory i mobiln telefony. Pomoc svtla pozoruj lid i vzdlen vesmrn tlesa. S jeho pomoc se dokonce svaYuje, Ye~e, nebo tYeba i operuje. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/construction-worker-welding-welder-681554/" https://pixabay.com/en/construction-worker-welding-welder-681554/ Tak co, kdy~ nyn vzhldnea ke mn na oblohu, budea u~ lpe rozumt tomu, co vae Ti pYinam? Rozlou m se sTebou jednm cittem  Nema-li slu, abys aYil svtlo, alespoH mu necloH! . Tvoj Oskar  Nzev koluS Duhou o duze slo koluSvtlo a elektYina/4Intern poznmky k koluProvodce  pan DuhaJmenuji se Duha, jsem duha a Yk se o mn, ~e piju jako duha & . samozYejm vodu, proto~e zn jsem stvoYena. Zjevuji se vroznch podobch, a jestli m chcea lpe poznat, zahraj si se mnou hru vZbavn akole ( Obrzek:  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/cloud-clouds-sky-blue-white-346706/" https://pixabay.com/en/cloud-clouds-sky-blue-white-346706/ Stru n pYedstaven koluVda m asto na obloze, ale nejsem si jist, kolik toho o mn vlastn va. Nejlpe m pozna vtto hYe, kde Ti pYedstavm vaechny kousky, kter dok~u. Faktory fyzick  1 mentln  2 trapnost  1 zbava  3 asov nro nost minimln  10 promrn  15 maximln  20Mnoz lid mi daj za pravdu, ~e jednm z nejkrsnjach pYrodnch kazo je duha. Tak to jsem prosm j ( Doufm, ~e mezi n patYa i Ty. Pokud ano, ur it nm tahle hra pojde mnohem lpe. zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/rainbow-canim-lake-british-columbia-142701/" https://pixabay.com/en/rainbow-canim-lake-british-columbia-142701/ Na obloze se zjevm, kdy~ kon  deaeov pYehHka a slunce vychz zpoza mrako. V t chvli se svtlo za ne lmat a odr~ se pYes posledn deaeov kapky. Vaimni si, ~e vnjamu okraji duhy vldne erven barva, kter pYechz v oran~ovou, pot ve ~lutou, zelenou, azurovou, modrou a spodn st oblouku se nm jev fialov. Toto poYad barev si dobYe zapamatuj, bude se Ti to zhy hodit ( zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/rainbow-sea-ship-colorful-sky-569864/" https://pixabay.com/en/rainbow-sea-ship-colorful-sky-569864/ Tak a nyn mi poskldej tyhle kecky tak, aby to bylo vpoYad duhy. PYedstav si, ~e moj vnja okraj je vpravo. skldaj puzzle  HYPERLINK "http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/823781" http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/823781 Ok, tak a jeat jeden test, abych si ovYila, jak m dobYe zna. Kter zn~e uveden barev se ve mn nezobrazuje: vbr zbarev: ~lut  Ale, co t nem, ~lut mi patY. erven - Ale, co t nem, erven mi patY. hnd  Sprvn, hnd mi nepatY. modr - Ale, co t nem, modr mi patY. Co mysla, mo~eme se na obloze objevit dv duhy zroveH? obrzkov mo~nosti ano  Sprvn, mo~eme. ne  Ale mo~eme. Nkdy, kdy~ je dae silnja, se nad duhou objev duha jeat moje sestYi ka duha. Je mn vrazn a vy lid ji Ykte duha sekundrn. Jej barvy jsou poskldan naopak - erven je na vnitYnm okraji oblouku, kde~to fialov vn. Ve vjime nch pYpadech se jeat mo~e zjevit i moje druh sestYi ka duha a ta je jeat mn vrazn. zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/double-rainbow-sky-nature-rain-801709/" https://pixabay.com/en/double-rainbow-sky-nature-rain-801709/ Krom dvou sester mm jeat braku, ktermu Ykme Halo. Ten se zjevuje pYi prochodu slune nch paprsko drobnmi ledovmi krystaly vatmosfYe. Krystaly mus mt speciln tvar aestibok desti ky i hranolu. Lid tomu Ykaj halov efekt. zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halov%C3%A9_jevy#/media/File:HALO-S_south_pole.jpg" https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halov%C3%A9_jevy#/media/File:HALO-S_south_pole.jpg Jako duha se nemusm zjevit jen pYi slune nm svitu, ale tak pYi ms nm, ideln kdy~ je msc v plHku, kdy je svit nejvta. No ale vtto podob m spatY jen velmi mlo aeastlivco& . zobrazit obrzek  HYPERLINK "http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/872432" http://www.morguefile.com/archive/display/872432 Docela rozumm i tomu, ~e pro svou krsu jsem se stala sou st mytologi v cel historii lidstva. }idovsko-kYeseansk tradice m ozna uj jako smlouvu sBohem popisovanou ve Starm zkon Bible:  Polo~il jsem na oblak svou duhu, aby byla znamenm smlouvy mezi mnou a zem. Kdykoli zahalm zemi oblakem a na oblaku se uk~e duha, rozpomenu se na svou smlouvu mezi mnou i vmi i veakerm ~ivm tvorstvem, a vody ji~ nikdy nezposob potopu ke zkze vaeho tvorstva. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#/media/File:Gutenberg_Bible.jpg" https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#/media/File:Gutenberg_Bible.jpg Rozn jin kultury vnmaj duhu rozn - symbolizuje most, posla, luk, nebo i hada. V Irsku se dokonce vyprv, ~e skYtek leprikn zakope na konci duhy hrnec zlaeko. Mlokomu se vaak podaY lepriknovu skra odhalit, mo~n i proto, ~e mho konce nelze doshnout, i kdybys ael tYeba svta kraj. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/rainbow-rain-arch-palmer-lake-436171/" https://pixabay.com/en/rainbow-rain-arch-palmer-lake-436171/ A nen bez povaimnut, ~e duha je tak astm ter em mnoha umlco  viz napY. dlo malYe Rubense snzvem  Krajina sduhou zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rubens-Landscape.with.Rainbow1632-1635.jpg" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rubens-Landscape.with.Rainbow1632-1635.jpg Jsem tak asto vyu~vna kozna ovn rozmanitosti, a to i napY. voblasti sexuln orientace, kde jsem zobrazena i na vlajce. zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duha#/media/File:Flyingrainbowflag.JPG" https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duha#/media/File:Flyingrainbowflag.JPG Byla bych moc rda, kdy~ bys m te zkusil i zkusila vyrobit. Tak~e tady je nvod se sklenic vody:  HYPERLINK "http://cs.wikihow.com/Jak-si-vyrobit-duhu" http://cs.wikihow.com/Jak-si-vyrobit-duhu A pokud se Ti to nepodaYilo podle vae uvedenho postupu, rd bych Ti nabdnul jinou mo~nost. Sta , kdy~ na CD nebo DVD necha dopadat svtlo z dostate n silnho zdroje. Na povrchu  cd ka uvida seYazen spektrln barvy, tedy m ( spustit  HYPERLINK "http://d5kh2btv85w9n.cloudfront.net/f/f4/Make%20a%20Rainbow%20Step%2012%20Version%202.360p.mp4" http://d5kh2btv85w9n.cloudfront.net/f/f4/Make%20a%20Rainbow%20Step%2012%20Version%202.360p.mp4 Ka~dopdn nyn si m prosm vyfoe, ae ma na m hezkou pamtku. fot Tak a abych se pYesvd ila, ~e sis sprvn zapamatoval poYad barev vduze, jeat mi je pro jistotu zopakuj ( nahrv audio Lou m se sTebou, mj se duhog kov ( zobrazit  HYPERLINK "https://pixabay.com/en/waterfall-rainbow-spray-water-flow-828948/" https://pixabay.com/en/waterfall-rainbow-spray-water-flow-828948/  JpVZ\^ȷrVF;h=Bhe OJQJh=Bhe 5OJQJ\^J6hHh0JT6OJQJ\^J_H9mHnH9sHtH9-j28hHh6OJQJU\^Jhh6OJQJ\^J!jh6OJQJU\^Jh6OJQJ\^J! jJh %h %OJQJ\^JhgUOJQJ\^Jh_pOJQJ\^Jh %OJQJ\^JhOJQJ\^JhOJQJ\^J 8bfkd8:$$If0+;#s ``549apyt4 m$IfgdhQ $IfgdhQgdhQ 8\^`dN^Ƚph`hXJBhhe OJQJ jJh/,h/,OJQJh/,OJQJhMb^OJQJhOJQJh=Bhe 0JR6OJQJ^JhCJOJQJ^JaJ$h=Bhe CJOJPJQJ^JaJhb9CJOJQJ^JaJhe CJOJQJ^JaJh=Bhe OJQJhe 5OJQJ^Jh=Bhe 5OJQJ^Jh)CJOJQJ^JaJ h=Bhe CJOJQJ^JaJbd dd$IfgdhQ $IfgdhQfkd:$$If0+;#s 549apyt4  m$G$IfgdhQ $IfgdhQfkdj;$$If0+;#s 549apyt4 TXZ\ @*.PRnpଛzpfffS$h=Bhe 0JRCJOJQJ^JaJhROJQJ^Jhb9OJQJ^JhOJQJ^Jhe OJQJ^Jh=Bhe OJQJ^J h=Bhe CJOJQJ^JaJh=Bhe OJQJ,hHh0JTOJQJ_H9mHnH9sHtH9#j<hHhOJQJUhhOJQJhOJQJjhOJQJU m$IfgdhQ $IfgdhQfkd=$$If0+;#s 549apyt4 ,zzzzm & F dd$IfgdhQ $IfgdhQfkd!>$$If0+;#s 549apyt4 ,.Rpzzzm & F dd$IfgdhQ $IfgdhQfkd>$$If0+;#s 549apyt4 X^Tj2 rrrrrrrc & Fx$IfgdEo & Fx$Ifgd7 & Fx$Ifgd/, n$IfgdhQfkdS?$$If0+;#s 549apyt4 dhjl@B"$&Ĺ|Ĺqe\S\S\D\ jJh7h7OJQJ\hMb^OJQJ\h7OJQJ\h/,h/,OJQJ\h6OJQJ\2hHhj60JT6OJQJ\_H9mHnH9sHtH9)j?hHhj66OJQJU\h\ hj66OJQJ\hj66OJQJ\jhj66OJQJU\h/,6OJQJ\h\ OJQJ\ jJh/,h/,OJQJ\h/,OJQJ\&8:RRTVXXZ\^|mXOhOJQJ\)j ChHh76OJQJU\ jJhv|hv|OJQJ\hv|OJQJ\ jJh7h7OJQJ\h7OJQJ\h7h7OJQJ\2hHh70JT6OJQJ\_H9mHnH9sHtH9)j}AhHh76OJQJU\h7h76OJQJ\jh76OJQJU\h76OJQJ\02J|qbqTq?b)jFhHh76OJQJU\h7h76OJQJ\jh76OJQJU\h76OJQJ\h7OJQJ\ jJhhOJQJ\hOJQJ\hhOJQJ\2hHh0JT6OJQJ\_H9mHnH9sHtH9)jEhHh6OJQJU\hh6OJQJ\jh6OJQJU\h6OJQJ\NPRTvxz dfhj468JLpVJ>hhOJQJ\hhOJQJ\2hhv0JT6OJQJ\_H9mHnH9sHtH9)j1HhHhv6OJQJU\#jhhv6OJQJU\hhv6OJQJ\ jJhvhvOJQJ\hhvOJQJ\h7h7OJQJ\h76OJQJ\jh76OJQJU\2hHh70JT6OJQJ\_H9mHnH9sHtH9,.02 \dfhؾذ}q`T@`2`ThEohe 0JT6OJQJ&jJhEohe 6OJQJUhEohe 6OJQJ jhEohe 6OJQJUhEohEo6OJQJh=Bhe OJQJhEoOJQJhEo6OJQJ\hEoOJQJ\hhvOJQJ\hhv6OJQJ\2hhv0JT6OJQJ\_H9mHnH9sHtH9#jhhv6OJQJU\)jnIhHhv6OJQJU\ .D$dd$*$1$If[$\$gdq!N & Fx$Ifgdp & Fx$Ifgdq!N & Fx$Ifgdb9 & Fx$Ifgd & Fx$IfgdEo 6Ft(*,BD мmЙЙbThEohEo6OJQJ\hhOJQJ/hHh0JT6OJQJ_H9mHnH9sHtH9&jKhHh6OJQJUh6OJQJjh6OJQJUhq!Nh6OJQJhh*6OJQJh=BhOJQJhOJQJhCOJQJ\hEoOJQJ\hOJQJ\hEohe OJQJ\ "ptvx "$ZخuaI>hb9he OJQJ/hHhb90JT6OJQJ_H9mHnH9sHtH9&jOhHhb96OJQJUhb9hb96OJQJjhb96OJQJUhb96OJQJ jJhb9hb9OJQJhb9OJQJhEoOJQJhEohe 0JT6OJQJ&jMhEohe 6OJQJUhEohe 6OJQJ jhEohe 6OJQJUh6OJQJ\Z@Zhv*,Djl|RV߱љߎ}rd}X}hphp6OJQJjhp6OJQJUhphpOJQJhp6OJQJhpOJQJhq!Nhb9OJQJ/hHhq!N0JT6OJQJ_H9mHnH9sHtH9&jPhHhq!N6OJQJUhq!Nhq!N6OJQJjhq!N6OJQJUhq!N6OJQJhCOJQJhOJQJhq!NOJQJVXZPRTFHJV޻r^rVJAhq!NOJQJ\h/,hq!NOJQJ\hq!NOJQJ&jThphp6OJQJU/hphp0JT6OJQJ_H9mHnH9sHtH9&jShphp6OJQJUhphp6OJQJ jhphp6OJQJUhphq!NOJQJ/hHhp0JT6OJQJ_H9mHnH9sHtH9jhp6OJQJU&j$RhHhp6OJQJUV~@DdtlprtlaXMhq!NhOJQJhv|OJQJ\hhq!NOJQJ2hHh0JT6OJQJ\_H9mHnH9sHtH9)j[VhHh6OJQJU\hh6OJQJ\jh6OJQJU\h6OJQJ\hh*OJQJ\h].OJQJ\h/,hOJQJ\hq!NOJQJ\h/,hq!NOJQJ\hOJQJ\8:>Tfh~ ȺȖȃue]U]U]U]G jJh]+h]+OJQJh-]OJQJh]+OJQJh=Bhb90JR6OJQJ^Jhv|CJOJQJ^JaJ$h=Bhb9CJOJPJQJ^JaJhb9CJOJQJ^JaJhv|5OJQJ^Jhh2z m$G$Ifgd m$G$IfgdR $IfgdfkdY$$If0+;#s 549apyt"$<,.024fh:<XZt٥}s}i___hROJQJ^Jhb9OJQJ^Jh-]OJQJ^Jh]+OJQJ^Jh=Bhb9OJQJ^J h=Bhb9CJOJQJ^JaJh=Bhb9OJQJ,hHhv|0JTOJQJ_H9mHnH9sHtH9#j0ZhHhv|OJQJUhv|hv|OJQJjhv|OJQJUhv|OJQJhb9OJQJ 24h m$Ifgd $Ifgdhkd[$$If0+;#s 549apytb9zzzzm & F dd$Ifgd $IfgdfkdF\$$If0+;#s 549apyt<Zvzzzm & F dd$Ifgd $Ifgdfkd\$$If0+;#s 549apytd  Duuuu & F$If^`gdMl & Fx$Ifgd]+fkdx]$$If0+;#s 549apyt :>hjl68P` b h x  . 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